Assessment of Effective Factors on Duration of Rainfed Barley Phenological Stages in Semi-Arid Climate Using Principal Component Analysis

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

2 M.Sc. in Irrigation and Drainage, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

Abstract

Due to the water shotages in arid and semi-arid climates, rainfed agriculture faces severe challenges. It is therefore essential to carry out specific studies on the efficiency factors of rain-fed crop growth. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors affecting the duration of the different phenological stages of rain-fed barley in a semi-arid region. For this purpose, duration of phenological stages for five different growth periods of rain-fed barley including sowing-emerge, emerge-tillering, tillering-stem, stem-flowering, and flowering-maturity were extracted at the Sararoud station, Kermanshah, during the period of 2000-2015.  By calculating 12 variables for these periods, the variables with significant impacts were detected for each of them and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique was used to assess the impact of these variables on different phenological stages duration. The results showed that between different selected variables, the degree-days-based variables (GDD and PTU) and absorb radiation-based (net radiation and daily mean soil surface temperature) showed the highest impact on all of the phenological stages duration. Each of the evapotranspiration-based variables, soil moisture supply variables and complementary variables influenced duration of two growth stages. The highest variability of the different growth periods which explained by the selected variables in the current research using principal component analysis was obtained for sowing-emerge stage. The overall results showed that the principal component analysis not only has a high capability to detecting effective factors on the different phenological stages duration, but also is a powerful tool to regulate the interrelate impacts between variables.
.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Alasti, O., Zeinali, E., Soltani, A. & Torabi, B. (2020). Estimation of yield gap and the potential of rainfed barley production increase in Iran. Crop Production, 13(3), 41-60. (in Farsi)
  2. Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Rome, FAO.
  3. Anwar, M.R., Li Liu, D., Farquharson, R., Macadam, I., Abadi, A., Finlayson, J., Wang, B. & Ramilan, T. (2015). Climate change impacts on phenology and yields of five broad acre crops at four climatologically distinct locations Australia. Agricultural Systems, 132, 133-144.
  4. Azarnivand, H., Tarkesh Esfehani, M., Basiri, M., Saeedfar, M., & Zarea Chahooki, M.A. (2010). Investigation on phenology of Bromus tomentellus using growing degree-day method. Watershed Management Research Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 89, 1-6. (in Farsi)
  5. Brisson, N., Gary, C., Justes, E., Roche, R., Mary, B., Ripoche, D., Zimmer, D., Sierra, J., Bertuzzi, P., Burger, P. & Bussière, F. (2003). An overview of the crop model STICS. European Journal of agronomy, 18(3-4), 309-332.
  6. Chmielewski, F. M., Müller, A. & Bruns, E. (2004). Climate changes and trends in phenology of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961–2000. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121(1-2), 69-78.
  7. Chmielewski, F. M., Heider, S., Moryson, S. & Bruns, E. (2013). International phenological observation networks: concept of IPG and GPM. In Phenology: An integrative environmental science. Dordrecht: Springer.
  8. Craufurd, P. Q. & Wheeler, T. R. (2009). Climate change and the flowering time of annual crops. Experimental botany, 60(9), 2529-2539.
  9. Esmaeili, S., Khoshkhoo, Y., Babaei, K. & Asadi Oskouei, E. (2018). Estimating rice actual evapotranspiration using METRIC algorithm in a part of the North of Iran. Water and Soil Conservation. 24(6), 105-122. (in Farsi)
  10. Gungula, D. T., Kling, J. G. & Togun, A. O. (2003). CERES‐Maize predictions of maize phenology under nitrogen‐stressed conditions in Nigeria. Agronomy, 95(4), 892-899.
  11. He, L., Asseng, S., Zhao, G., Wu, D., Yang, X., Zhuang, W., Jin, N. & Yu, Q. (2015). Impacts of recent climate warming, cultivar changes, and crop management on winter wheat phenology across the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 200, 135-143.
  12. Heydari Tasheh Kaboud, Sh. & Khoshkhoo, Y. (2019). Projection and prediction of the annual and seasonal future reference evapotranspiration time scales in the west of Iran under RCP emission scenarios. Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences, 19(53), 157-176. (in Farsi)
  13. Horvath, E., Gombos, B. & Széles, A. (2021). Evaluation phenology, yield and quality of maize genotypes in drought stress and non-stress environments. Agronomy Research. 19(2), 408-422.
  14. Javed, T., Li, Y., Feng, K., Ayantobo, O.O., Ahmad, S., Chen, X., Rashid, S. & Suon, S. (2021). Monitoring responses of vegetation phenology and productivity to extreme climatic conditions using remote sensing across different sub-regions of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 3644-3659.
  15. Juskiw, P. E., Jame, Y. W. & Kryzanowski, L. (2001). Phenological development of spring barley in a short‐season growing area. Agronomy, 93(2), 370-379.
  16. Khoshkhoo Y. (2018). Evaluating soil surface energy balance model and satellite images to estimating mean daily soil surface temperature. Water and Soil Conservation. 25(3), 177-192. (in Farsi)
  17. Lloyd-Hughes, B. & Saunders, M.A. (2002). A drought climatology for Europe. 22(13), 1571–1592.
  18. Ma, S., Churkina, G. & Trusilova, K. (2012). Investigating the impact of climate change on crop phenological events in Europe with a phenology model. Biometeorology,56(4), 749-763.
  19. Ma, X., Huete, A., Moran, S., Ponce‐Campos, G. & Eamus, D. (2015). Abrupt shifts in phenology and vegetation productivity under climate extremes. Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(10), 2036-2052.
  20. Manly, B.F. & Alberto, J.A.N. (2016). Multivariate statistical methods: a primer. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  21. McMaster, G. S. & Smika, D.E. (1988). Estimation and evaluation of winter wheat phenology in the central Great Plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 43(1), 1-18.
  22. Mirhaji, T., Sanadgol, A.A., Ghasemi, M. H. & Nouri, S. (2010). Application of growth degree-days in determining phenological stages of four grass species in Homand Absard Research Station. Range and Desert Research, 17(3), 362-376. (in Farsi)
  23. Mohammadi, E., Yazdanpanah, H. & Mohammadi, F. (2014). Investigation the climate change event and its effect on cultivation time and length of growing period of wheat (rainfed), case study: Sararoud station of Kermanshah. Natural Geography Research, 46(2), 231-246. (in Farsi)
  24. Mohammadi, H., Ramroudi, M., Bannayan, M. & Fanaee, H. R. (2018). Effect of climate change on phenological stages and growth stages of wheat in Zabol region. Plant Ecophysiology, 10(34), 181-191. (in Farsi)
  25. Olesen, J.E., Børgesen, C.D., Elsgaard, L., Palosuo, T., Rotter, R.P., Skjelvag, A.O. & Siebert, S. (2012). Changes in time of sowing, flowering and maturity of cereals in Europe under climate change. Food additives and contaminants, 29(10), 1527-1542.
  26. Parsamehr, Y., Mohammadi, H., Khoshakhlagh, F. & Bazgeer, S. (2022) Estimation of base temperature in different growth stages of wheat Case study: Sararood Station of Kermanshah. Applied Research in Geography Science, 22(64), 17-30. (in Farsi)
  27. Peng, H., Xia, H., Chen, H., Zhi, P. & Xu, Z. (2021). Spatial variation characteristics of vegetation phenology and its influencing factors in the subtropical monsoon climate region of southern China. PloS one, 16(4), 1-19.
  28. Peñuelas, J., Filella, I., Zhang, X., Llorens, L., Ogaya, R., Lloret, F., Comas, P., Estiarte, M. & Terradas, J. (2004). Complex spatiotemporal phenological shifts as a response to rainfall changes. New phytologist, 161(3), 837-846.
  29. Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Viovy, N. & Demarty, J. (2007). Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades. Glob Biogeochem Cycles, 21(3), 1-22.
  30. Ramos, M. C., & de Toda, F.M. (2020). Variability in the potential effects of climate change on phenology and on grape composition of Tempranillo in three zones of the Rioja DOCa (Spain). European Journal of Agronomy, 115, 1-12.
  31. Sadidi Shal, S.M.T., Zohd Ghodsi, M. J., Asadi Oskouei, E. & Zahra, A.D. (2021). Comparison of Growing Degree Day of Different Phenological Stages of Hashemi Rice in Guilan Province.  Research, 1400(45), 143-152. (in Farsi)
  32. Sadras, V. O. & Monzon, J. P. (2006). Modelled wheat phenology captures rising temperature trends: Shortened time to flowering and maturity in Australia and Argentina. Field crops Research, 99(2-3), 136-146.
  33. Salazar-Gutierrez, M. R., Johnson, J., Chaves-Cordoba, B. & Hoogenboom, G. (2013). Relationship of base temperature to development of winter wheat. Plant Production, 7(4), 741-762.
  34. Sarto, M.V.M., Sarto, J. R. W., Rampim, L., Rosset, J. S., Bassegio, D., da Costa, P. F. & Inagaki, A. M. (2017). Wheat phenology and yield under drought: a review. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11(8), 941-946.
  35. Siebert, S. & Ewert, F. (2012). Spatio-temporal patterns of phenological development in Germany in relation to temperature and day length. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 152, 44-57.
  36. Smith, P.C., De Noblet-Ducoudr, N., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Viovy, N., Meurdesoif, Y. & Bondeau, A. (2010). European-wide simulations of croplands using an improved terrestrial biosphere model: phenology and productivity, Geophysics Research, 115, 1-14.
  37. Verdugo-Vásquez, N., Acevedo-Opazo, C., Valdés-Gómez, H., Ingram, B., García de Cortázar-Atauri, I. & Tisseyre, B. (2022). Identification of main factors affecting the within-field spatial variability of grapevine phenology and total soluble solids accumulation: towards the vineyard zoning using auxiliary information. Precision Agriculture, 23(1), 253-277.
Desert Management
Volume 10, Issue 3 - Serial Number 23
6 Articles
December 2022
Pages 63-80

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 23 August 2022
  • Revise Date: 12 October 2022
  • Accept Date: 15 October 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics